String operators

Learn how to use and combine different query operators for searching string data types.

String operators

Axiom processing language provides you with different query operators for searching string data types.

Below are the list of string operators we support on Axiom processing language.

Note:

The following abbreviations are used in the table below:

• RHS = right hand side of the expression.
• LHS = left hand side of the expression.

Operators with an _cs suffix are case sensitive

When two operators do the same task, use the case-sensitive one for better performance.

For example:

• instead of =~, use ==
• instead of in~, use in
• instead of contains, use contains_cs

The table below shows the list of string operators supported by Axiom processing language:

Operator	Description	Case-Sensitive	Example
==	Equals	Yes	"aBc" == "aBc"
!=	Not equals	Yes	"abc" != "ABC"
=~	Equals	No	"abc" =~ "ABC"
!~	Not equals	No	"aBc" !~ "xyz"
contains	RHS occurs as a subsequence of LHS	No	parentSpanId contains Span
!contains	RHS doesn’t occur in LHS	No	parentSpanId !contains abc
contains_cs	RHS occurs as a subsequence of LHS	Yes	parentSpanId contains_cs “Id”
!contains_cs	RHS doesn’t occur in LHS	Yes	parentSpanId !contains_cs “Id”
startswith	RHS is an initial subsequence of LHS	No	parentSpanId startswith parent
!startswith	RHS isn’t an initial subsequence of LHS	No	parentSpanId !startswith “Id”
startswith_cs	RHS is an initial subsequence of LHS	Yes	parentSpanId startswith_cs “parent”
!startswith_cs	RHS isn’t an initial subsequence of LHS	Yes	parentSpanId !startswith_cs “parent”
endswith	RHS is a closing subsequence of LHS	No	parentSpanId endswith “Id”
!endswith	RHS isn’t a closing subsequence of LHS	No	parentSpanId !endswith Span
endswith_cs	RHS is a closing subsequence of LHS	Yes	parentSpanId endswith_cs Id
!endswith_cs	RHS isn’t a closing subsequence of LHS	Yes	parentSpanId !endswith_cs Span
in	Equals to one of the elements	Yes	abc in (“123”, “345”, “abc”)
!in	Not equals to any of the elements	Yes	”bca” !in (“123”, “345”, “abc”)
in~	Equals to one of the elements	No	”abc” in~ (“123”, “345”, “ABC”)
!in~	Not equals to any of the elements	No	”bca” !in~ (“123”, “345”, “ABC”)
!matches regex	LHS doesn’t contain a match for RHS	Yes	parentSpanId !matches regex g.*r
matches regex	LHS contains a match for RHS	Yes	parentSpanId matches regex g.*r
has	RHS is a whole term in LHS	No	Content Type has text
has_cs	RHS is a whole term in LHS	Yes	Content Type has_cs Text

Use string operators efficiently

String operators are fundamental in comparing, searching, or matching strings. Understanding the performance implications of different operators can significantly optimize your queries. Below are performance tips and query examples.

Equality and Inequality Operators

• Operators: ==, !=, =~, !~, in, !in, in~, !in~

Query Examples:

"get" == "get"
"get" != "GET"
"get" =~ "GET"
"get" !~ "put"
"get" in ("get", "put", "delete")

• Use == or != for exact match comparisons when case sensitivity is important, as they are faster.
• Use =~ or !~ for case-insensitive comparisons, or when the exact case is unknown.
• Use in or !in for checking membership within a set of values, which can be efficient for a small set of values.

Subsequence Matching Operators

• Operators: contains, !contains, contains_cs, !contains_cs, startswith, !startswith, startswith_cs, !startswith_cs, endswith, !endswith, endswith_cs, !endswith_cs.

Query Examples:

"parentSpanId" contains "Span" // True
"parentSpanId" !contains "xyz" // True
"parentSpanId" startswith "parent" // True
"parentSpanId" endswith "Id" // True
"parentSpanId" contains_cs "Span" // True if parentSpanId is "parentSpanId", False if parentSpanId is "parentspanid" or "PARENTSPANID"
"parentSpanId" startswith_cs "parent" // True if parentSpanId is "parentSpanId", False if parentSpanId is "ParentSpanId" or "PARENTSPANID"
"parentSpanId" endswith_cs "Id" // True if parentSpanId is "parentSpanId", False if parentSpanId is "parentspanid" or "PARENTSPANID"

• Use case-sensitive operators (contains_cs, startswith_cs, endswith_cs) when the case is known, as they are faster.

Regular Expression Matching Operators

• Operators: matches regex, !matches regex

"parentSpanId" matches regex "p.*Id" // True
"parentSpanId" !matches regex "x.*z" // True

• Avoid complex regular expressions or use string operators for simple substring, prefix, or suffix matching.

Term Matching Operators

• Operators: has, has_cs

Query Examples:

"content type" has "type" // True
"content type" has_cs "Type" // False

• Use has or has_cs for term matching which can be more efficient than regular expression matching for simple term searches.
• Use has_cs when the case is known, as it is faster due to case-sensitive matching.

Best Practices

• Always use case-sensitive operators when the case is known, as they are faster.
• Avoid complex regular expressions for simple matching tasks; use simpler string operators instead.
• When matching against a set of values, ensure the set is as small as possible to improve performance.
• For substring matching, prefer prefix or suffix matching over general substring matching for better performance.

has operator

The has operator in APL filters rows based on whether a given term or phrase appears within a string field.

Importance of the has operator:

• Precision Filtering: Unlike the contains operator, which matches any substring, the has operator looks for exact terms, ensuring more precise results.

• Simplicity: Provides an easy and readable way to find exact terms in a string without resorting to regex or other more complex methods.

The following table compares the has operators using the abbreviations provided:

• RHS = right-hand side of the expression
• LHS = left-hand side of the expression

Operator	Description	Case-Sensitive	Example
has	Right-hand-side (RHS) is a whole term in left-hand-side (LHS)	No	”North America” has “america”
has_cs	RHS is a whole term in LHS	Yes	”North America” has_cs “America”
hassuffix	LHS string ends with the RHS string	No	”documentation.docx” hassuffix “.docx”
hasprefix	LHS string starts with the RHS string	No	”Admin_User” hasprefix “Admin”
hassuffix_cs	LHS string ends with the RHS string	Yes	”Document.HTML” hassuffix_cs ”.HTML”
hasprefix_cs	LHS string starts with the RHS string	Yes	”DOCS_file” hasprefix_cs “DOCS”

Syntax

['Dataset'] 
| where Field has (Expression)

Parameters

Name	Type	Required	Description
Field	string	✓	The field filters the events.
Expression	scalar or tabular	✓	An expression for which to search. The first field is used if the value of the expression has multiple fields.

Returns

The has operator returns rows from the dataset where the specified term is found in the given field. If the term is present, the row is included in the result set; otherwise, it is filtered out.

Example

['sample-http-logs']
| summarize event_count = count() by content_type
| where content_type has "text"
| where event_count > 10
| project event_count, content_type

Run in Playground

Output

event_count	content_type
132,765	text/html
132,621	text/plain-charset=utf-8
89,085	text/csv
88,436	text/css